29Aug

Vim Commands Cheat Sheet

August 29, 2022 admin

A Linux system user typically uses a text editor to program and script, edit configuration files and perform other tasks. A large number of Linux users use Vim, an open-source Linux text editor.

It takes time and practice to learn how to operate Vim commands. That is why having a handy reference document or command cheat sheet ready while mastering them is extremely beneficial. In this blog, you will find several commonly used Vim commands that every individual should be aware of.

What is Vim?

Vim is a Linux text editor that comes preinstalled on Linux, BSD, and macOS. It is popular for being quick and powerful, thanks to the fact that it’s a simple application that can run in a terminal. It’s widely used because it can be operated totally without the use of buttons or a mouse.

Vim is a derivative of the Vi editor. It’s a controlled, centered editor, just like Vi. Vim is available and used worldwide, which is one of the benefits of learning it. Vim is installed by default on all UNIX variants, including Linux, Mac, HP-UX, AIX, and many others. There was no graphical user interface with Vim, but it is now provided as part of a separate installer called gVim.

It has a very small memory footprint
It is a command-driven system. With just a few commands, you can complete difficult text-related activities.
It is very configurable and stores its settings in a simple text file.
There are numerous Vim plug-ins available. Its usefulness can be greatly enhanced by using such plugins.
Multiple windows are supported. This function allows you to split your screen into numerous windows for working parallelly without issues.
Multiple buffers are supported in the same way as multiple windows are.
It has many tabs that allow you to work on multiple files at the same time.
It has recording options that enable you to repeatedly record and play Vim commands.

Vim Commands Cheat Sheet

1. Editing Text

r – replacing a single character with another character (and returning to the command mode)
cc – replaces a line in its whole (deletes the line and moves into insert mode)
C / c$ – replace texts from the cursor and places it to the end of the line
cw – replaces a word from the cursor to the end
s – remove a character from the list (and shifts it into the insert mode)
J – By adding a space between them, merge the line below with the selected one.
gJ – combine the two lines with leaving no space between them
u – undo
Ctrl + r – redo

Cutting, Copying, And Pasting

yy – copy complete line
#yy – copy the desired number of lines
dd – remove all the lines
#dd – remove a selected number of lines only
p – Pasting the text after the cursor
P – pasting the text before the cursor

2. Moving Inside a File

Inside a file, users could move the cursor by single letters, words, tokens, or lines. A word can be any combination of letters, digits, and underscores. A token, on the other side, is something that is separated by whitespace, including punctuation. You can also use screen view to go to different areas of text.

Moving by Characters, Words, and Tokens

The following are the basic commands for moving the pointer by a single character:

h – drag the pointer to the left.
j – moving the cursor towards left
k – moving it towards up
l – moving it towards the right

These letters can also be prefixed with a number to move in a specific direction several times. When you type 5j, for example, the pointer moves left by 5 lines.

b – go to the beginning of a word
B – go to the beginning of a token
w – going to the beginning of the next word
W – go to the beginning of the following token
e – moving to the end of a word
E – moving towards the end of a token

For instance, you have the noun phrase “step-by-step” as part of a text and the cursor is placed at the end of it. The first time you press b, the cursor moves back to “step-by-step”. However, if you use B, the cursor moves all the way back to “step-by-step” since there is no whitespace between these characters.

Moving by Lines

0 (zero) – jumping directly to the line’s start
$ – jumping directly to the line’s end
^ – jumping directly to the line’s first (non-blank) character
#G / #gg / :# – moving towards a particular line number (change # with the line number)

Moving by Screens

The commands below are used to rapidly move through the text without needing to scroll.

Ctrl + b – go one fullscreen back
Ctrl + f – Skip one fullscreen
Ctrl + d – move half a screen in front
Ctrl + u – move half a screen back
Ctrl + e – scroll down one line on the screen without using the cursor
Ctrl + y – scrolling up by one line without using the cursor
Ctrl + o – go back with the help of history
Ctrl + i – moving forward through the history
H – skipping directly on the top of the screen
M – Skipping directly in the middle of the page
L – skipping directly on the bottom of the screen

Inserting Text

i – shift to insert mode
I – inserting texts at the start of the line
a – switch to insert mode after the cursor
A – inserting texts at the end of the lines
o – opening new lines before the selected one
O – Open a new line above the current one
ea – inserting texts at the end of a word
Esc – Exit insert mode by pressing Esc

Most of these commands are capable of switching between command and insert modes. Vim starts in the command prompt by default, enabling users to move and edit files. Use the Esc key to enter command mode.

3. Marking Text (Visual Mode)

Vim has a visual mode in addition to command and insert modes. This mode is mostly used to highlight text. You can pick between three different graphic modes depending on the amount of text you want to select: character mode, line mode, and block mode.

v – use character mode to pick texts
V – use line mode to choose lines
Ctrl+v – selecting texts with the help of block mode

Visual Commands

Once you’ve picked the appropriate text in visual mode, you can edit it with one of the visual commands. Some of them are mentioned below:

y – copying the highlighted text
d – deleting the highlighted text
p – pasting the highlighted text right after the cursor
u – adjust the capitalization of the selected text to lowercase
U – adjust the capitalization of the selected text

4. Saving and Exiting File

:w – saving files
:wq / 😡 / ZZ – saving and closing the file
:q – exit
:q!/ ZQ – exit without saving the modifications
:w new_file_name – rename the file and keep working on the original
:sav – saving the file with a new name and editing the newer version
:w !sudo tee % – writing the file via sudo and tee command

5. Working with Multiple Files

:e file_name – creates new buffers for opening files
:bn – jumping directly to the next buffer
:bp – return back to the previous buffer
:bd – closing a buffer
:b# – moving to a specific buffer
:b file_name – moving to a buffer based on a specific name
:ls – listing down all the buffers that are running
:sp file_name – split viewport horizontally and open a file in a new buffer
:vs file_name – split viewport vertically and open a file in a new buffer
:vert ba – Edit all files as vertical viewports
:tab ba – editing buffer as a tab
gt – jumping onto the next tab
gT – jumping into the previous tab
Ctrl+ws – splitting viewports
Ctrl+wv – splitting viewports vertically
Ctrl+ww – switching viewport
Ctrl+wq – Existing viewports
Ctrl+wx – exchanging selected viewport with another one
Ctrl+= – Adjusting all the viewports to have similar height and width

6. Marks and Jumps

m[a-z] – use character mode to mark text (from a to z)
M[a-z] – use line mode to mark lines (from a to z)
`a – jumping to the place indicated by the letter ‘a’
`y`a – yank text to >a> marked position
:marks – listing all the marks
:jumps – listing all the jumps
:changes – listing all the changes
Ctrl+i – Moving to the next occurrence in the jump list
Ctrl+o – Moving to the previous instance in the jump list
g, – Switching to the next instance within the change list
g; – Switching to the previous instance within the change list

Conclusion

Since most Linux distributions include Vim by default, knowing basic Vim commands is useful. You should have no problem mastering Vim once you get used to using its commands. Meanwhile, you can use the Vim cheat sheet to have all the important commands at your fingertips.

11Aug

How to Install and Use Nano Text Editor Commands in Linux?

August 11, 2022 admin

The command-line tool is the most basic requirement for editing files on a Linux system. Text editors are also used most of the time to create new files. The most powerful Linux editors are Vim and Emacs, but these editors are complex and not suitable for beginners. There is, however, a simple text editor for novice users called GNU nano. Nano is a command-line text editor that you can use on your Linux and Unix computers. The text editor has all the necessary features, such as syntax highlighting, search and replace of expressions, spell checking, UTF-8 encoding, etc. By using the Nano text editor, you can edit or create files effortlessly on your Linux system. The following post shows a basic introduction to Nano—how to create and edit files with Nano and do a lot more in between, as well as how to install Nano. Check out the post and learn some basic commands for How to Install and Manage Nano Text Editor Commands in Linux.

The Installation Method of Nano Text Editor-

Generally, Nano comes by default in most Linux systems but if your system does not have it, you can install it manually. Depending on your operating system, the Nano text editor is already present on your computer. So, before you try to install it, apply a simple command: nano –version with your macOS or Linux distros command line. If the output shows you the version number of the Nano text editor, you won’t have to install it all over. You can skip the installation section and follow the other commands. Generally, the output will be this when you check if the Nano is present on your system or not:

GNU nano, version 2.9.3

Email: nano@nano-editor.org Web: https://nano-editor.org/

If Nano is not present on your computer, you can install it with the following commands:

To install Nano on Ubuntu and Debian run: sudo apt install nano
To install it on CentOS and Fedora, run this: sudo yum install nano.

However, before you install Nano, there is one more task you should do. You need to open your terminal and update the apt repositories using the following command:

sudo apt update

Once you update the apt repositories, you can successfully install Nano with the previous command according to your operating system. Once you install the editor, you can easily generate and write files with it. Let’s check out how to do it.

How to Use a Nano Text Editor?

Let’s now learn how to open, organise, and write files with the Nano text editor. Additionally, we will show you how to examine and reconstruct texts using the editor. Nano can be opened and closed using nano filename. If the file name is demo.txt, you will use the nano demo.txt command. It is just an example of the file we showed you and you can open any type of file, including .txt, .html, etc. If you want to open a certain file, you need to access the directory where the file resides. If you are in a different location and want to access the file in /path/to/directory, you will use the command nano /path/to/directory/demo.txt.

However, if the file you are trying to open does not exist, then nano will create a new file. The file will be empty and untitled. If you want to start the text editor without trying to open a specific file, you can open the terminal by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T together on your keyboard. Then you can create a new empty nano file on the terminal using <strong>nano</strong>.

If you try to exit the window, it will ask you to discard it or save the file. You can press Y and then name the file and press Enter to finally save the file.

Edit the existing files: Nano is a graphical user interface (GUI) where you can easily edit and replace texts. So, if you try to edit a file, you can do that directly on the screen without much effort.

You can write and change the file and its content from the editor itself.
If you want to select a text, go to the beginning of the text line and press ALT + A and when you move the arrow, the text will be selected.
And then if you need you may copy that selected text with ALT + 6. Press CTRL + K to move the selected text and place it somewhere else with CTRL + U.

See, in Nano, everything is done with a stroke of a few keys. So, to know what keys work for what purpose, follow the next section.

Control Characters and Keys in Nano Editor

When you are working with the nano text editors, it is helpful to keep track of the control characters and keys that will help you navigate through texts effortlessly. You can use keyboard shortcuts and arrow keys to edit and change files with nano editor. Given below are some of the keyboard shortcuts that help you navigate through files in nano:

move forward one character: Ctrl+F (^F)
move back one character: Ctrl+B (^B)
move forward one word: Ctrl+Space (^Space)
move back one word: Alt+Space (M-Space)
move to the previous line: Ctrl+P (^P)
move to the next line: Ctrl+N (^N)
move to the next page: Ctrl+V (^V)
move to the previous page: Ctrl+Y (^Y)
move to the beginning of the line: Ctrl+A (^A)
move to the end of the line: Ctrl+E (^E)

Another thing worth noting is that you can press Ctrl+X or ^X to close the nano editor and the Ctrl+O (^O) combination will save the file before you close the editor. If you want to check the spelling of your texts on your nano editor, do it with Ctrl+T (^T). But for that, you will have to install the spell check feature with the sudo apt install spell command. Other things, you can do with the keyboard shortcuts as mentioned above.

Conclusion

As said already, when it comes to editing and creating text files, there is no other easy way to do that than using the nano text editor. If you are using Linux, all you have to do is apply some commands. All the features and functions in nano such as copying, pasting, selecting, searching texts are done by the keyboard shortcuts.

To recap, use ALT + 6

To copy a text. Use CTRL + U to paste the text.

The ALT + A key combination will select the text

The CTRL + W key combination will help you search in the text.

Nano is for all no matter whether you are a novice or a seasoned Linux user. With all the commands we have shown in this guide, you can easily modify files in the nano text editors. In case you need any help with the same, don’t hesitate to ask us in the comment section below.

06Jul

How to Use the GREP Command in Linux?

July 6, 2022 admin

All About GREP in Linux

GREP or Global Regular Expression Print is the most used command in Linux considering it is one of the most potent commands for system administrators and developers alike. The primary purpose of GREP is to search for specific information using search criteria.

Upon entering the search criteria, the expression pattern mentioned in the search is searched for in a specific file. The pattern lines are printed once all the matches for the searched term are found. GREP comes in handy when scrolling through large log files.

See below the Syntax and Description of Options used in the GREP command:

Syntax:

Grep [options] pattern [files]

– l: it is used to find a list of filenames

– v : It displays the lines which do not match the pattern searched for

– c : It prints the lines that match the pattern searched for

– h : It does not display filenames upon search. It only displays the lines that match the pattern searched for

– i : It ignores match cases that are input

-v : It prints out the lines that do not match the pattern searched for

– n : It displays the line number along with the line that matches the pattern searched for

– w : It displays the whole world that is matched

– e exp : It can be used multiple times to specify an expression

– E : It treats pattern as an extended regular expression

– f file : It is used to search for patterns from a specific file; one per line

– o : It displays the matched pattern line by line. Each matched pattern is displayed as a single line

– A n : It displays the line that is searched and n lines after the search result

– B n : It displays the line that is searched and n line before the search result

– C n : It displays the line that is searched and n lines after and before the search result

How to use GREP to search a file on Linux?

Here is a simple example of using GREP to search a file. It shows how to find a specific word in a file after eliminating similar words to get exact search results.

Step 1 – Search /etc/passwd file

Step 2 – For boo user, enter : grep boo/etc/passwd

Output for this command will be:

Foo:x:1000:1000:boo,,,:/home/boo:/bin/rad

Step 3 – Find all the lines containing a specific word.

For example:

To find addresses that contain the word “Singapore” in the address.txt file of the directory, you can run the command.

Fgrep Singapore address.txt

To make sure your search results do not contain other words with similar spelling as a prefix or suffix, you can run the command

Fgrep -w Singapore address.txt

Ignore word case matches using this command

Grep – i “boo”/etc/passwd

Here is another simple example where you can search for a phrase:

Let us consider this as the text to search:

“The mirage that is seen

It is not valid until you visit there

And find it still there.

You know who

Whom do you know

You search and find

Inner peace

It is a state of mind

And of heart.”

Task 1 – To find the lines that contain the word ‘mind’

Bash – grep mind Poetry.txt

Output

It is a state of mind

Although, the step is to look for the pattern ‘mind’, the GREP command searches through the file to find matches for the design.

type ‘grep’ -> pattern you are searching for -> file name in which you are conducting the search

Task 2 – Search a phrase in the file

When you search for a phrase in your file instead of searching for a word, you can use -n to do so. The lines containing the word “who: and -n” could be found easily via combined options.

Bash – grep -n -w “who” poetry.txt

Output:

5: You know who

6: Whom do you know

Task 3 – Make your search case-insensitive

To initiate the search on the file case-insensitive, you can use the option -i

Bash:

Grep -n -w -i “the” poetry.txt

Output:

1: The mirage that is seen

3: You reach the place

Task 4 – Eliminate lines that contain a particular word.

If you do not want to display the lines of a file that contain a specific word, you can use the option -v

Bash:

Grep -n -w -v “the” poetry.txt

Output:

2: It is not true, until

4: And find it still there.

5: You know who

6: Whom do you know

7: You search and find

8: Inner peace

9: It is a state of mind

10: And of heart

Task 5 – Search for a pattern in a set of files that are in sub-directories. Also called a ‘recursive’ search.

Example:

Search recursively for ‘Tomorrow’ in the ‘shell-lesson-data/practice’ directory:

Bash

Grep -r Tomorrow

Output

Data/saltrice.txt: “tomorrow, when you know the value of time, you will realize your mistake

Data/saltrice.txt: tomorrow is finally the day we have been waiting for

Data/saltrice.txt: tomorrow is unknown; today is a gift

What are the Other Options in GREP, and How to Find them?

There are a host of other options in GREP apart from the ones listed above. Below is the list consisting of the options that can be used on Linux OS by typing the commands:

Bash:

Grep –help

Output

Usage: grep [OPTION] . . . PATTERN [FILE] . . .

Search for PATTERN in each FILE

PATTERN is, by default, a basic regular expression (BRE)

Regexp Selection and Interpretation:

– e, – -regexp=PATTERN: This is to use PATTERN for matching

– i, – – ignore-case : This is to ignore case distinctions

– E, – – extended-regexp : PATTERN is an extended regular expression (ERE)

– f, – – file=FILE : This is to obtain PATTERN from FILE

– F, – – fixed-strings : PATTERN is a set of newline-separated fixed strings

– G, – – basic-regexp : PATTERN is a basic regular expression (BRE)

– w, – – word-regexp : force PATTERN to only match the whole words

– x, – – line-regexp : force PATTERN to match complete lines only

-z, – – null -data : a data line ends in 0 byte

Conclusion

The above details provide a comprehensive list of options that can be used with GREP. The given details and examples should have provided you with the knowledge and understanding of the output of every option used. As a beginner, you can start with the basic features, such as finding a word, removing a comment, or getting complete results for the pattern you are searching for.

Once you have a firm grip on the basics, you can use other options to find lines, find phrases, eliminate words in terms, and do so much more. Linux is a thoroughly tested and free operating system that anyone can use. It is used by many enterprise infrastructures. GREP might take you some time to learn if you are new to it, but once you master it, you can do great things. Because enterprises rely on Linux, candidates with this skill-set are in high demand.

02Jul

How to Check Python Version in Linux, macOS, and Windows?

July 2, 2022 admin

Guido Van Rossum discovered Python in 1991 and it is widely respected as a programming language. The Python language contains a wide variety of versions, which are released on a regular basis in an organized manner. Because of its wide use, you may also find that some applications are dependent on Python in order to run accurately.

It provides many inbuilt libraries that help the user to use them effectively and reduce the amount of coding required to accomplish any task. The Python language is used primarily to create websites, applications, and to analyze data. Python’s two most popular versions are Python 2.7X and Python 3.8X. Both versions have their own distinct features, for instance, Python 2.7X is reliable when using a Python library.

You can run Python on a variety of operating systems including Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. There is a different Python version in each of them. So, if you are keen to find the installed version of Python on your system, follow the steps below.

Steps to Check the Python Version in Windows:

In order to check the latest version of python one can easily follow the below steps:

First of all type the command prompt in the search option of your computer.
Then open the command prompt and check the version of python.
You can type the command “python –version” in order to check the version.
If python is already installed then it will return the version like 3.9.0, 3.7.0 etc.
Let us see it with the help of an example.

You can type the following command on your command prompt:

C:\Users\Acer>python –version

Then you have to press enter and it will return the version of python installed on your computer.

Python 3.9.0

There is one more method to check the installed version of python on your computer. You can also use the search function of Windows in order to check the installed version of python on your computer.

To start searching, simply press the Window key and type Python. Now, the system will check if it exists or not and return any matching results.

It will return a result like:

Python 3.9.0(64 bit)

It will also return the processor of the system whether it is 32 bit or 64 bit. Hence, these are essential and simple steps to check the Python version on your Windows system.

Steps to Check Python Version in Linux:

Linux is one of the most widely used and supported operating systems. This is an open-source operating system. It is an operating system similar to Unix. Python comes pre-installed on many Linux operating systems. Thus, you can check if Python is pre-installed. If it is installed then you can simply check its version and if it is not you can download it from its official website python.org. You can then install the latest version, which is 3.9.0 for Linux at the moment.

In order to check the latest version of python on Linux, one can follow the following steps:

First of all you need to open the terminal window in Linux. In order to open the terminal you can follow the following steps:
- You can press Ctrl+Alt+T Ubuntu or you can press Alt+F2 and then type in gnome-terminal.
- After this, you can press enter and your terminal will open.
Then on terminal type python –version in order to check the version installed on the Linux operating system.
Let us take an example to understand this:

You can type the following command on your terminal in order to check the version of python:

~$python –version

Then you have to press enter and it will return the version of python installed in Linux.

Python 3.9.0

So, in this way, one can easily check the version of python installed in Linux.

Steps to Check Python Version in Mac:

Mac Os is designed by the computer company Apple. The software is very easy to use. Since its introduction in 1984, Mac OS has introduced a variety of new features. It includes various features such as network browsing, file sharing, and more.

If python is not installed on the system, you can easily download and install it on your system from its official website. If it is already installed on the system then you can check the version of python with the help of the following steps:

First of all you have to open the terminal in order to check the version of python installed. You can open the terminal in Mac Os by following the below-mentioned steps:
- You have to click on the launchpad icon which is present on the Dock and then type terminal in the search option and then click the terminal option.
- Then type python –version on the terminal in order to check the latest version of python installed on your operating system.
Below example will help to understand it better;

You can check the following command on the terminal to check the version of python:

Acer-Python: ~ user$ python –version

After this press enters to get the version of python installed. It will return the version of python like:

Python 3.9.0

So, in this way you can check the version of python installed on your computer. It is very easy to check and you can reinstall python’s latest version from its official website if your system is compatible with it.

In a nutshell,

In this article, we discussed various ways to check the version of python installed in different operating systems like Linux, Windows, and Mac. It is very easy to check this on any operating system. You just have to type the command in the terminal and it will return the version installed on the system of python. The operating system plays a main role to connect the hardware to software and without it, we cannot use the system.

Every operating system like Windows, Mac, or Linux updates its versions and come up with new and improved versions from time to time, Like the latest version of windows is Windows 10, the latest version of Linux is 15.12.12, the latest version of Mac Os is 11.0 and it is also known as Big Sur. Just like that, every programming language also releases its new and updated version with more functionality and features.

Conclusion

The best way to get the most out of your system is to update it with the latest versions. Your PC should also be compatible with the latest versions, as many of the latest versions require special characteristics such as the processor. Accordingly, your system must also be installed with the appropriate version.

27Jun

The Basic Linux Commands Every Beginner Must Know

June 27, 2022 admin

Linux Commanders for all the Beginners

Do you know that almost 90% of Internet servers use Linux? Yes. It is an open-source system that runs on commands. Windows may sound like the most popular operating system, but if you ask programmers, developers, and all the back-end technicians, a command-line interface is what they prefer.

Android, the operating system in your phone, is also based on Linux. Currently, there are several Linux distributions available on the market. Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise, and Linux Mint are the most popular. Because this is an open-source platform, you can make any changes and start your own distribution.

This is why it is so popular around the world. Unfortunately, Windows is not at the top of the list due to its high price. A novice may find the GUI interface, as in Windows, to be helpful and easy, but once you learn command-line tools, there is no going back.

There are Linux commands which make things easier for Linux users. So, this beginner’s guide is for you to learn Linux CLI.

What are Linux Commands?

Before you learn about commands, you must know about “Terminal” or “Shell” or “Console.” These are nothing but different names to the same thing, a program where the user enters the commands, and the terminal sends it to the system to execute it. So, you can understand it as an intermediary between your command and the operating system.

These are also available in GUI, but the command-line interface is the basic tool. It is very simple. The Linux commands are used for almost every purpose, such as file creation, file manipulation, deletion, administrative tasks, general management, etc. You need to type in the command, and the task will be done.

You get your output through the same terminal. These commands are case-sensitive. Linux’s CLI is better than any other OS. Its simplicity in performing both simple and complex tasks quickly through commands makes it a pioneer in the CLI world.

The Basic Linux Commands

If you are a beginner and want to know the CLI, you must first learn the basic commands. But the commands are entered in a launcher. So, you need a system that has Ubuntu or other Linux Distribution running on it.

First, you must open the terminal.
In an Ubuntu 18.04 system, Go to the ‘Activities” on the top left and type “terminal” in it. You can also use other synonyms such as shell, console, and prompt.
In other versions of Linux, you will find it along with other application launchers. Or an easy way is to press “CTRL”+”ALT”+”T” on your keyboard.
A window will open up with some text on top. Again, it looks different in different Linux systems. Now, you have opened the terminal; it’s time to enter commands.

You must know these few things before you enter the commands.

The commands are case-sensitive.
You type your command in the same line as the prompt message. It is the odd text which means that the computer is ready for the command.
You get the result of the command displayed on the terminal.
After each output, you will see another prompt which means you can move forward with another command.
If you don’t see the command’s output but the prompt appears, it means that the command was successful, and you can move forward.

Here are the basic Linux commands you must know-

1 – pwd

The full form of pwd is print working directory. It is the default location where the file operations take place. If you want to make any changes in another location, you have to specify the path, else the shell will pick your default location.

You will learn the absolute path of the directory with this command, which is generally the home directory. This path starts from the root.

The command looks like-

shelly@linux-desktop:-$ pwd

/home/shelly

2 – cd

It’s an acronym for change directory. Unlike Windows, Linux doesn’t have distributed drives. Every folder stems from the root file itself which is denoted by “/”. So, if you want to change a directory and go to another one, you have to use cd command.

Say, you want to go to home directory, the immediate subdirectory of root, you type-

cd home

pwd

If you want to go to another folder named Documents, you type-

cd Documents

pwd

Remember, commands are case sensitive and usually you enter everything in lower case, but you need to enter a folder name exactly as it is, else, it will show an error.

Plus, if you enter a folder name which has more than one word, say “My Pictures”, you need to type,

cd My\Pictures

pwd

“\” denotes space, otherwise the system will read My and Pictures as different arguments and show an error.

If you want to go back to the parent directory, you use “. .” like shown below-

cd . .

pwd

If you want to go back multiple times, use “. ./. .”, like-

cd . . /. .

Pwd

3 – ls

This is an acronym for list. This command lists down the folders which are present in the directory. To list all files you can use “ls – a”, as shown below-

shelly@linux-desktop:-$ ls

Desktop

Documents

Downloads

4 – mkdir and rmdir

These commands are opposite of each other. The mkdir is an acronym for “make directory”. Say, you want to create a directory called “Sounds”, you type-

mkdir Sounds

To create a folder with more than one word in its name like My Sounds, use it as-

mkdir My\Sounds

rmdir is the acronym for “remove directory”. It can be used in the same way as mkdir. Say, you want to delete the empty Pictures directory, type-

rmdir Pictures

To delete My Pictures directory, type-

rmdir My\Pictures

5 – rm

rm is the acronym for remove. You can remove files and directories with this command. If you simply use rm, it will delete the directory as well as its file content. Say, you want to delete both the contents of New Folder and the folder, use

rm New\Folder

If you only want to delete the directory and not its content, use rm – r in the following way.

rm – r New\Folder

6 – man

If you don’t know what a command does, you can use man command and it will describe what the command does. It shows the manual pages of the desired command. Use it as-

man cd

It will display everything you can do with the cd command.

Executing Linux Commands

So, now you have an idea about how to use a command. Now, let’s talk about a command and what it does, so you can execute them in the same way as the commands shown above.

touch: The command is used to create an empty file. Create a file easily with the command.
Cat: This is a multi-purpose command which can create, display and copy the content of a file, etc.
cp: This is the short of copy as this command is used to copy a group of files and directories.
Locate: This is a self-explanatory term. It is equivalent to search in Windows. You can locate any file in the Linux system using it.
Mv: This is an acronym for move.Use this command to move a file or directory group from one location to another.
Echo: This command helps you move some text data into a file. Say if you wish to move “This is my pen.” Into an existing file, you can write, echo This is my pen.>> new.txt and it will add the text. Here, the command is backed by two >> so you don’t need to place \ for spaces.
rename command: Again, it is a self-explanatory command which renames a file’s name. You can write it as- rename ‘s/Documents/Personal/’ files, to change the name of the Documents file to Personal.
head and tail command: A head command is used to display the first 10 lines of content in a file. The tail command displays the last ten lines of a file.

head <file name>

tail <file name>

Sudo: When a command is preceded by sudo, it means that the command is to be executed using the super user privileges.

E.g. sudo apt install

Df: Unlike Windows, Linux does not distribute disk space and it does not reflect free disk space generally. To know the free disk space, you can use the df command. You can request for the result in MBs or KBs. You can use it as “df –m” to know the free disk space in MBs.
Du: To know the usage space of a file in your system, you use du command. Say, you want to know the disk space used by “New Folder”, you can write it like-

du New\Folder

zip and unzip commands: To convert a file into a zip file, zip command is available. To unzip a file, you have the unzip command at your discretion.

Final Words

The commands stated above are only a glimpse of the basic commands used in Linux. For example, creating a file, modifying a file, moving it, copying it, deleting it, renaming the file, etc., are the most basic commands one uses. Apart from this, there are several other commands such as apt-get, ping, uname, more, tac, help, chmod, dir, dirname, compress, chroot, case, bc, apt, aptitude, ar, date, export, fdisk, find, finger, function, halt, hash, etc.

When you start using these commands, you learn that it is easy to remember them. The commands are the acronym of the function you want to undertake, such as mv for move, cp for copy, rm for remove, etc.

Practice can make you perfect. Start trying these Linux commands, and you will get into the rhythm. As you learn to execute simple ones, you can then try undertaking other operations as well. By experimenting with these commands, you will gain a better understanding of how commands work. A complex operation will be difficult for you to comprehend, but you will understand which files are changed, what command starts and stops, what files are modified, etc. Hopefully, these Linux commands will help you learn the Command Line Interface.

09Jun

Install and Set Up Kubernetes Kubectl on Linux

June 9, 2022 admin

Installing and Setting Up Kubernetes Kubectl on Linux

Kubectl is a command-line tool available on Linux and Mac systems for managing Kubernetes clusters. You can easily manage configurations, configure environmental variables, and do much more with Kubectl. It simplifies the process of deploying applications on Kubernetes clusters or inspecting their resources, by offering the most powerful commands on your system. Additionally, it allows you to view Kubernetes cluster logs. The following tutorial will teach you how to install and configure Kubectl for Linux on your computer.

What is Kubectl?

By using Kubectl you can easily manage Kubernetes files by setting up the –kubeconfig flag or the KUBECONFIG environment variable. The Kubectl syntax explains how commands should be executed from the command-line, and it gives relevant examples of how the commands should be executed. Below is a brief description of the Kubectl syntax:

In your terminal window, you can utilise the Kubectl syntax to run the kubectl commands:

kubectl [command] [TYPE] [NAME] [flags]

The command, type, name, and flags represent the following:

Command: Command means the operations that you require to operate on Kubernetes cluster resources. The operations may include create, get, describe, delete, etc.

TYPE: This refers to the type of sources that are case-sensitive. Types allow you to specify single, plural, and abbreviated patterns like this output:

kubectl get pod pod1

kubectl get pods pod1

kubectl get po pod1

NAME: In name, you will find the title of the resource and these titles are case-sensitive. When you run kubectl get pods, the resources’ details will appear on screen. If you are dealing with different resources, you will have to specify the resource type, names, etc. for one or more files. The resource types and names can be defined as follows:

Use TYPE1 name1 name2 name<#>.to organize resources in case those types are the same for example kubectl get pod example-pod1 example-pod2
Type separately TYPE1/name1 TYPE1/name2 TYPE2/name3 TYPE<#>/name<#> to specify names of multiple resources such as kubectl get pod/example-pod1 replicationcontroller/example-rc1
Use -f file1 -f file2 -f file<#> to specify resources that have multiple files. You can use YAML files rather than JSON files because the first one is more user friendly. For example: kubectl get -f ./pod.yaml

flags: These will specify optional flags such as -s or –server flags to display the address and port of the API server in Kubernetes.

This is the overview of Kubernetes Kubectl and syntax. Check out the other sections of this post if you want to install it on your Linux computers.

To Install and Set up Kubernetes Kubectl on Linux

Make sure you have the prerequisites before installing Kubectl on Linux. As a starting point, you must use a kubectl version that differs from the one in your cluster. For example, a v1.22 client will communicate with v1.21, v1.22, and v1.23. Making sure you’re always using the latest version of a tool will help you avoid performance issues as well as security issues. Let’s start installing Kubectl on Linux after you’ve comprehended this section.

There are three methods for installing Kubectl on Linux, but right here we are sharing the easiest one, to begin with. When installing Kubectl on Linux, you can use native package management tools or other package management tools.

How to Install Kubectl Binary with Curl on Linux-

Download the latest version of Kubectl with the following command:

curl -LO “https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl”

If you want to download a specific version of kubectl, you need to replace the $(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt) section with the exact version. Like, if you want to download v1.22.0, use the following command:

curl -LO https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.22.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl

Now you can validate the binary by following the steps below. Download the kubectl checksum file first with the following command:

curl -LO “https://dl.k8s.io/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl.sha256”

Now validate the kubectl binary with the checksum file:

echo “$(<kubectl.sha256) kubectl” | sha256sum –check

If the output is validated, it will show this: kubectl: OK

If the output fails, then sha256 will leave with a nonzero status and will show you the following output:

kubectl: FAILED

sha256sum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match

Now, you can install kubectl: sudo install -o root -g root -m 0755 kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl

If you do not have access to root user credentials, install the tool on the ~/.local/bin directory:

chmod +x kubectl

mkdir -p ~/.local/bin/kubectl

mv ./kubectl ~/.local/bin/kubectl

# and then add ~/.local/bin/kubectl to $PATH

Now test the installed version to see if it is up to date:

kubectl version –client

Install Kubectl on Linux Using Native Package Management

If it is a debian-based Linux distribution, follow the steps below.

Update apt package index as well as install packages you need to access the Kubernetes apt repository with this command: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl.
Download the Google Cloud public signing key on your system: sudo curl -fsSLo /usr/share/keyrings/kubernetes-archive-keyring.gpg https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg
Add apt repository in Kubernetes: echo “deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/kubernetes-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main” | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
Install kubectl by updating the apt package index with the new repository: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install -y kubectl

That should be enough to install Kubectl on Linux, but you should also verify that Kubectl is installed.

How to Verify Kubernetes Kubectl Configuration-

Kubectl needs a kubeconfig file to find and enter a Kubernetes cluster. This file is created by default when you build a cluster with kube-up.sh or when you deploy a Minikube cluster. This file is located at ~/.kube/config but if you want to verify if the Kubernetes tool is completely verified, use this command: kubectl cluster-info.

A URL response will appear, telling you that kubectl is set up to use on your computer.

Conclusion

There are various plugins available in Kubectl such as shell autocompletion that you can install by adding source /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion to your ~/.bashrc file. To enable the autocompletion, source the script with this command: echo ‘source <(kubectl completion bash)’ >>~/.bashrc and enable it using kubectl completion bash >/etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl.

This autocompletion plugin will help you with Bash and Zsh commands that won’t require you to do much typing for configuring Kubernetes clusters.

There is another plugin named kubectl convert that you can download with curl -LO https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl-convert. It’s the latest release of the plugin that will help you convert manifests within different Kubernetes API versions.

That’s all you need to know about installing and setting up Kubernetes kubectl on Linux but you can check out our other articles where we have talked about Kubernetes kubectl for Mac and Windows.

04Jun

How to Use Disown Command in Linux?

June 4, 2022 admin

Linux is a group of open-source Unix-like structures based on Linus Torvalds’ Linux Kernel, which was originally published on September 17, 1991. A Linux distribution is typically a collection of Linux packages. The disown command is used to eliminate tasks from the current shell in the Unix ksh, bash, and zsh shells. It’s a shell built-in command, similar to cd or pwd, and it doesn’t need root capabilities. This article will show you how to use the disown command in Linux to both stop and retain ongoing processes after you log out along with the basics of Linux. Keep reading this article to know more!

Structure of the Linux Operating System

An operating system is a suite of software programs, each of which is built to perform a certain task.

The elements of the Linux operating system are as follows:

1. Kernel:

The Linux Kernel is the most important component of the operating system. It enables gadgets and apps to interact with one another. It also looks after the system’s resources. It is in charge of four things:

2. Device Management:

Several devices are linked to a system, including the CPU, RAM, sound cards, graphic cards, and so forth. In the device driver, a Kernel contains all of the data linked to all of the gadgets (without this Kernel, you won’t be able to operate the devices).

3. Memory Management:

Memory management is yet another job that the Kernel is responsible for. The Kernel maintains an account of how much memory is in use and ensures that programs don’t modify each other’s data by utilizing virtual memory locations.

4. Process Management:

Before allocating CPU to other processes, the management Kernel allocates sufficient time and gives priority to processes. It also addresses issues of security and ownership.

5. Handling System Calls:

A developer can use system calls to submit an inquiry or urge the Kernel to do a job.

6. System Libraries:

System libraries are specialized applications that aid in the use of kernel functionality. To complete a job, a kernel must be triggered, and this prompting is handled by the apps. However, since each kernel has its own set of system calls, programs must understand how to utilize them.

To interface with the kernel, developers have created a standard library of operations. These protocols are supported by each operating system, and they are then converted to system calls for that operating system.

Glibc is a very well-known Linux system library (GNU C library).

7. System Tools:

The Linux operating system includes several utility tools, most of which are simple commands. It is a piece of software that the GNU project has created and released under an open-source license, making it available for free to everybody.

You can browse your data, modify and alter data in your folders or files, change the placement of files, and so on using commands.

8. Development Tools:

Your operating system is up and running with the three elements listed above. However, you have extra tools and libraries to upgrade your system. The term “toolchain” refers to a collection of additional tools and libraries built by developers.

A toolchain is a crucial development tool that programmers utilize to create a functional program.

9. End-User Tools:

These end devices enable a system distinctive for a user. Although end tools are not necessary by the operating system, they are needed by the user.

Graphic design software, office suites, browsers, multimedia players, and other end products are some instances.

How does Linux Work?

Linux was designed to be a UNIX-like operating system, but it has since evolved to run on a wide range of hardware, including phones and quantum computers. The Linux kernel, which handles hardware, is included in every Linux-based OS, and also a library of software packages that make up the remainder of the operating system.

Some popular basic elements like the GNU tools, for example, are included in the operating system. These programs allow the user to administer the kernel’s capabilities, install extra software, adjust reliability and scalability settings, and much more.

The operating system is made up of each of these tools when they are combined. Various Linux distributions may contain several software bundles because Linux is an open-source operating system.

Additionally, the Linux operating system provides several fundamental GNU utilities for managing kernel resources, installing applications, configuring security settings and performance, and much more. All of these technologies are used to form a working operating system.

How to Use Linux?

We can use Linux from both an interactive UI and a terminal (Command Line Interface). Various distributions have slightly different user interfaces, but nearly all commands function the same way across all of them.

Press the ‘Ctrl’ + ‘Alt’ + ‘T’ keys to start Linux via the terminal. And, to learn more about it, hit the program button in the lower-left corner of the screen.

What is a Command-Line?

The command line is your direct channel of communication with a computer. It’s where you tell the program to do things that point-and-click graphical user interfaces can’t.

Many operating systems, both commercial and open-source, have command lines. However, it’s most commonly linked with Linux since both command lines and open source software allow users to have complete control over their computers.

How to Use Disown Command in Linux?

There is a common question amongst individuals using Linux. And the solution to this is surprisingly simple.

So, Job control is defined as the capacity to halt/suspend the implementation of processes (commands) and resume/continue their execution as needed. Your OS and shell, like bash/ksh or POSIX shell, are used to do this.

To restart a halted background process, use the bg command. In the current shell environment, the fg command brings a backend job to the forefront. Use the disown command to delete/remove jobs or tell the shell not to issue a HUP signal. This command may be found in the bash or ksh93 shells.

Let’s go into it in a detailed manner:

There are some obvious prerequisites before you go ahead with the execution to disown command in Linux. One is an active system using Linux and the other being the accessibility to a command line.

The primary syntax for the disown command is:

disown [options] jobID1 jobID2 … jobIDN

Now, let’s see how to execute the disown Command in Linux:

To delete jobs from the job table in Linux, use the disown command. It may also be used to keep a longer, more complicated task operating in the background while you log off of the server.

You must have jobs running on your system before you use the disown command.

We’ll set up a few jobs in the background in this instance:

cat /dev/random > /dev/null &

ping google.com > /dev/null &

To get a list of all active jobs, use the following jobs command:

jobs -l

The active command will be represented by a ‘+’. The command that is preceded by a ‘–‘ indicates that if the active command is terminated, it will take over as the current task.

Run the below command to delete all jobs from the job table:

disown -a

Use the disown command with the relevant job ID to delete a particular job from the job database. On the job table, the job ID is shown in brackets. If you want to, for example, remove the third job, the command will be:

disown %3

The final job on the job table is removed when you use the disown command without any variables or job IDs.

In addition, job IDs always begin with the percent symbol. Use %n to choose a particular job from the table, where n is the job number. The presently active job is selected when %% is used.

Use the following command to delete just the jobs that are presently running:

disown -r

All presently running jobs are immediately stopped when you quit your system’s terminal. Use the disown command with the -h argument to avoid this:

disown -h jobID

Close the terminal after using the disown command by running the following command:

exit

Any tasks on which you used the disown -h command will continue to execute.

Conclusion

You should be able to use the disown command to delete jobs from the job list or keep them running even after closing the terminal window after finishing these instructions. This article also gave you an in-depth perspective of Linux.

We hope you found this article interesting. Continue to spread the word by sharing your newfound knowledge with your friends and colleagues.

04Jun

12 Best Linux Text Editors for Programming and Coding

June 4, 2022 admin

Text editors may seem uninteresting to some, but they are essential to the survival of numerous organizations around the world. From development teams to publishing, editors are used in nearly every workflow. Many of us go in and out of them throughout the day. Both free and paid versions of Linux text editors are available to make the coding and development process easier.

Some text editors are more suited to established coders, while others are better suited to beginners or writers. In this blog, we’ll go through the most popular text editor options available.

What is a Text Editor in Linux?

Individuals use text editors to code and modify HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and a variety of other programming languages. Many of their features simplify programming with fewer errors, such as syntax highlighting, simple navigation, configurable interfaces, search and replace options, etc. In Linux, there are two types of text editors:

Command-line text editors: These types of text editors allow users to enter the editor from the command line. This will come in handy for system administrators when modifying configuration files.

Graphical user interface (GUI) text editors: Although this sort of text editor has a graphical user interface, it cannot be used from the command line.

12 Best Linux Text Editors for Programming & Coding

1. Sublime Text

It is one of the most popular and lightweight tools that makes it easier for developers to work with codes, yet while being lightweight, it has a lot of features to offer. It was primarily designed with a Python API for the developers that spend their day coding. Sublime Text has the benefit of being incredibly lightweight, resulting in less resource usage while retaining some of the more complex capabilities you’d expect from a top text editor.

Sublime Text’s main advantage is that it provides shortcuts and search capabilities for quickly locating functions and making changes to numerous lines at once. It simply takes a few seconds to jump to certain symbols or phrases. Furthermore, Sublime Text produces an index of all functions and methods automatically so that you may work with shortcuts and modify it for finding code parts while working.

Sublime Text allows you to try out the text editor before making a purchase through its free version.
The text editor is compatible with a variety of operating systems, including Mac, Windows, and Linux.
It allows individuals to use one license on all of their devices.
Split editing in Sublime Text allows you to manage and edit files next to one other.
The Python API makes it possible to enhance Sublime Text using plugins that you or others have built.
Sublime Text offers a lot of effective and easy-to-use shortcuts.
Sublime Text also allows you to modify almost everything. This is true when it comes to menus and shortcuts.

Installation

Sublime Text editor may be installed in Linux systems via the default package manager, as mentioned below:

For installing on Debian, Ubuntu, and Mint:

$ sudo apt install sublime-text

Installing on RHEL, CentOS, and Fedora:

$ sudo dnf install sublime-text

For Arch Linux and Manjaro:

$ sudo pacman -S sublime-text

2. Atom

Atom is a GitHub-developed free and open-source text editor. It is created using web technologies, based on Electron (CoffeeScript, JS, Less, HTML). It’s a sophisticated text editor that is often referred to as the text editor of the twenty-first century. Some of Atom’s key features are cross-platform editing, built-in package management, a file system browser, multiple pane support, a find and replace function, and intelligent auto-completion.

You may add new features to Atom by choosing from thousands of open source packages. It’s also adaptable to your requirements and preferences.

Atom is a popular open-source text editor with a huge development community. This will enable users to get regular updates as well as new themes and bundles.
It’s a platform-agnostic solution that runs on all the popular Operating Systems.
It offers lots of features an individual has to work on projects collaboratively. Everything may be edited and created in real-time.
Atom has a GitHub package that allows you to integrate and conduct tasks such as pulling requests and merging conflicts.
From the text editor, you may look for new packages and themes.
With intelligent automatic code completion, a file system explorer, and a search and replace feature, editing the code becomes a cakewalk.
Atom has several windows for side-by-side code comparison and editing.

Installation

On Debian, Ubuntu & Mint:

$ wget -c https://atom.io/download/deb -O atom.deb

$ sudo dpkg -i atom.deb

On RHEL, CentOS & Fedora:

$ wget -c https://atom.io/download/rpm -O atom.rpm

$ sudo rpm -i atom.rpm

3. Notepad++

Notepad++, without a doubt, is one of the most popular advanced Linux text editors in the market that comes in a small package without any fees and extensive editing features. It is distributed under a GNU (General Public License), which means that any developer or content producer can use the text editor immediately after downloading it.

Notepad++ is a text editor for Microsoft Windows that tries to consume less processing power than the typical text editors. One of the features that distinguish Notepad++ from other text editors is that it has been translated into 80+ languages, making it accessible to a wider audience all around the world.

Anyone can use Notepad++ because it is entirely free.
Notepad++ is translated into multiple languages, and it comes with the documentation that enables users to add native additional languages
A multi-view editor with syntax highlighting and folding is included.
It has customization tools that are simple to use and strong enough for even the most experienced developers.
Its auto-completion feature ensures that you don’t have to put in functions, arguments, or words over and over again.
It has a multi-document interface that allows you to navigate between tabs and manage numerous projects at the same time.
Notepad++ comes with a number of plugins that may be used to enhance the text editor’s capabilities or combine it with other apps.
It comes with a search option for rapidly finding functionality in huge texts.

Installation

Notepad++ editor can be installed in Linux systems via snap package manage by running the following command:

$ sudo snap install notepad-plus-plus

4. Vim

The Vim text editor is a robust, dependable editor that interacts with various popular tools and is available for Windows, Linux, and Mac. It may be used as a stand-alone application in a GUI or via a CLI. Vim is a text editor that was created in 1991. In the past, it was a widely used text editor used by programmers to produce scripts and updates.

Even after being one of the oldest editors, it has kept on evolving over the years and is still loved by developers all around the world. Vim is one of the more sophisticated text editors on our list and it also implies that it is the most user-friendly. Vim has a steep learning curve and needs a desire to immerse oneself in a completely new feature set that may differ from that of other text editors.

Vim has a mechanism that is helpful to those who like to use plugins to enhance the text editor.
It has a huge online community of experts that helps new and even old users to learn about the latest extensions, scripts, hints, and tools.
It’s entirely free, and it’s an open-source solution that gets frequent upgrades.
It’s also one of the most popular text editors on the market, with some of the most advanced features and a large user base.
Vim may be integrated with a variety of tools that you already use for business or design.
Vim supports hundreds of languages as well as a variety of file formats, so it doesn’t matter what programming language you’re using.
Because Vim is open-source and has a growing community, you may ask for new features and have a meaningful effect on the text editor’s future development.

Installation

You may use your default package manager to install the gVim editor on Linux computers. Execute the following command:

Installing Vim on Debian, Ubuntu, and Mint:

$ sudo apt install vim-gtk3

Execute the following code for installing on RHEL, CentOS, and Fedora:

$ sudo dnf install gvim

For Arch Linux and Manjaro:

$ sudo pacman -S gvim

5. Visual Studio Code

Despite being developed by Microsoft, Visual Studio Code is a text editor that is entirely open-source, with the source code easily available on GitHub. It has around 2.6 million users as of now. VS Code has a sleek UI and is extremely lightweight, and it offers lots of advanced features and optimum performance. In addition, it offers a large library of extensions that provide compatibility for additional languages, commands, debuggers, and other features. This cross-platform tool (Linux, macOS, and Windows) includes TypeScript, JavaScript, and Node.js support as well.

The Visual Studio Code website contains several sections where you can learn more about the tool. There is a manual page that guides you through the setup process and how to handle different languages. You can also discover all of the Visual Studio Code keyboard shortcuts and learn some tips & techniques. There are a number of great features in Visual Studio Code, such as an integrated blog, a web update site, an extension library, and API details.

It is a robust text editor that is available free of cost along with open-source access and a huge selection of extensions.
It has a large user base and online community and provides extensive documentation, a comprehensive blog, and a plethora of information in the form of API and FAQs.
It has Git commands built-in.
It comes with an IntelliSense function that significantly improves on the usual autocomplete and syntax highlighting capabilities found in most text editors. Essentially, it generates clever completions depending on variables and function declarations.
You can debug your code right in the editor if you want to. As a result, debugging print statements is unnecessary.
This is a cross-platform text editor that works with Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows.

Installation

Run the following code for downloading Visual Studio Code on Linux:

sudo apt install code

If you’re using CentOS, Fedora, or OpenSUSE, you can also get the .rpm file from the official Visual Studio Code website.

6. Brackets

This text editor was created originally by Adobe in an effort to provide a more contemporary, open-source alternative for software developers. This is a free text editor that includes some visually attractive capabilities for evaluating your working process and also enables frontend developers to inspect the modifications. Brackets focus on robust coding, and it does so with the aid of inline editors, live previews, and well-organized files.

Brackets is free to use and has a good community. It’s also compatible with popular OS like Mac, Linux, and Windows computers. The user interface is simple, but the text editor offers a lot of options for you to experiment with.

Brackets come with tons of features, especially given that you don’t have to pay anything and it’s intended primarily for web developers.
PSD (Photoshop Document) files are integrated to some extent.
Bracket text editor is directly linked to GitHub and offers extensions that are available to enhance the existing text editor and perhaps change the appearance of your interface
Brackets is a multi-platform solution that may be used on any OS
All developers will be allowed to have an eye on their efforts in a more visual manner thanks to the live preview function.
The inline editors allow you to choose a section of code and launch a window directly in the editor. You won’t need to keep multiple tabs open while working on your project in this manner.

Installation

Brackets editor may be installed in Linux computers using the snap package manager:

$ sudo snap install brackets

7. Gedit

The primary goal of this general-purpose text editor is to make it as easy to use as possible. Gedit has a simple and clean user interface that follows the GNOME project concept. Users can install and use this robust text editor even on Linux.

Gedit was initially released to the public in 2000, and it was written in the C programming language. The internationalized text is fully supported by this open-source and free software. Configurable syntax highlighting is available in Gedit for a variety of programming languages, including C++, C, HTML, Java, XML, Python, Perl, and others.

Files get opened in tabs for ease in organization and increasing accessibility
It keeps internationalized text is unrestricted and supports various languages (Python, Shell, C, C++, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML, Markdown, and many others) along with syntax highlighting feature
Offers fonts and colors that can be customized
Support for printing and printing previews
Regular expressions are used to search and replace
Comes with a file browser integrated into the side panel
Spell-checking, auto-completion of words, and line number along with undo/redo option
Wrapping text feature.
Using distant locations to edit files and Back up your files
Offers a plug-in system that may be used to add additional sophisticated capabilities on the fly.

Installation

It may not come pre-installed on earlier Linux versions. Therefore, use the following command to install gedit:

sudo apt-get install gedit

8. Nano

Nano is an incredibly user-friendly text editor for Unix-like operating systems. Published in June 2000, it emulates the Pico text editor and adds a number of new features. It has a command-line interface that is interactive and easy to use.

Those who enjoy spending days and nights tinkering with configuration files will enjoy Nano. Among the highlights are autoconfiguration support, case-sensitive search, auto-indentation, interactive search and replacement, tab completion, soft text wrapping, and more.

It is best suited for developers who like to use plugins to enhance the text editor and use it their way
Its online community is a power-packed knowledge base which is a great way to learn about new extensions, scripts, hints, and tools.
It’s an entirely free and open-source solution that gets frequent improvements.
It’s also one of the most popular text editors that have some of the most advanced features and a large user base.
Nano text editor can be integrated with a variety of tools that you already for ease in processes
Fonts and colors that can be customized
Provides search and replace feature for increasing the speed at which an individual works

Installation

Nano editor can be installed in Linux systems using the default package manager:

On Debian, Ubuntu, and Mint:

$ sudo apt install nano

For installing Nano on RHEL, CentOS, and Fedora:

$ sudo dnf install nano

Execute the following command for installing on Arch Linux and Manjaro:

$ sudo pacman -S nano

9. JED

JED is a widely used and very prominent Linux text editor that utilizes the S-Lang library. This cross-platform utility is also available for Unix, VMS, OS/2, BeOS, Windows, OpenVMS, and other systems. You can run JED’s earlier versions if you’re using DOS.

The main advantage of using JOD is its lightweight design, which allows you to use it with ease on systems with minimal resources. Color syntax highlighting, code folding, emulation of editors like Emacs, multiple programming modes, editing TeX files, rectangle cut/paste, and other features of the JED editor are some of its features that make it loved by millions all over the globe.

Syntax highlighting in color on terminals along with supporting code folding
All the terminal and platform included in this text editor has drop-down menus
Emacs, EDT, WordStar, Borland, and Brief are all editors that are emulated
The editor is extremely configurable because of its extensibility in the C-like language S-Lang
From within JED’s info browser, you can view Texinfo (GNU info) files.
C, C++, Fortran, TeX, HTML, sh, Perl, Python, IDL, DCL, and more programming modes (with syntax highlighting) are provided.
Support for asynchronous subprocesses, which enables compiling from within the editor.
On the Linux console, it offers built-in support for the GPM mouse driver
Provides option for both abbreviation and dynamic abbreviation
8-bit clean with support for mute/dead keys

Installation

Execute the codes for installing Jed editor in Linux systems:

For installing it on Debian, Ubuntu, and Mint:

$ sudo apt install jed

For CentOS, and Fedora:

$ sudo dnf install jed

For installing the same on Arch Linux and Manjaro:

$ sudo pacman -S jed

10. KWrite

KWrite was originally released to the public in the year 2000, and it has come a long way since then. It is a KDE-developed lightweight text editor based on the KATE text editor and the KDE KParts technology

Word suggestion, automatic identification, syntax rectification, file type highlighting, Vi input mode, and plugin support are among the many features of this popular text editor. KWrite’s extensibility, encoding support, and remote file editing are among its interesting features.

It’s written in the C++ programming language.
It is connected with GitHub and enables the use of extensions for enhancing the existing text editor and perhaps change the appearance of your interface
It can be used on various OS other than Linux as well
Comes with a preview live function for developers to keep track of their efforts in a more visual manner
The inline editors allow you to choose a section of code and launch a window directly in the editor. You won’t need to keep multiple tabs open while working on your project in this manner.

Installation

Run the following command for installing Kwrite on your Linux Operating System:

sudo apt-get install kwrite

Conclusion

We hope that the blog will help you to discover the best and reliable Linux Text Editors for Programming & Coding available in the market. They have a simple installation process through several lines of codes. They help in various ways for making the programming and coding process go quick and easy.

27May

How to Use the Linux Cat Command?

May 27, 2022 admin

If you’ve ever interacted with Linux, you’ve certainly come across a code snippet that has used the Cat command. ‘Cat’ is an abbreviation of Concatenate. This command shows the content of one or more files without requiring the file to be opened for modification. Moreover, it also concatenates and creates files. The Cat command goes through the complete data from files and displays it on Unix-like (Linux) operating systems.

To view the contents of a file at the command prompt, the most straightforward technique is to use the Cat command. The blog explains all the ways of using the Cat command in Linux. Take a look at the following prerequisites before moving forward:

A Linux-based system
The privilege of accessing the terminal window or the command line

What is Cat Command?

In Linux/Unix or other popular operating systems, the Cat command (short for “concatenate”) is one of the most commonly used commands. It is utilized for creating single or multiple files, reading their contents, concatenating files, and redirecting output to the terminals or files. It’s a common Linux tool for concatenating and displaying files.

Files or standard input are concatenated to standard output with the Cat command. It reads standard input when there is no FILE or when FILE is marked as “-“. You can also use the Cat command to rapidly create a file. A cat can read and write data to and from conventional input and output devices. It includes three major functions for working with text files: generating, displaying, and merging them. It can be used further for a variety of purposes, such as:

Displaying Text files
Copying text files into new documents
Combining two text files by appending the contents of one to the end of another.
Showing a text file on the screen
Making new documents
Reading text files
Modify the text files
Concatenating files

Cat Command Syntax

Follow the below-mentioned format to use the Cat command:

cat [options] filename(s)

[options] – This allows you to give the Cat command additional instructions. Use the –n option, for example, to display the contents of a file with each line numbered:

cat –n filename

filename(s) – Enter the name of the file (or files) to be shown. Every file would be presented if you use more than one filename.

Using Cat command on Linux

Following are the Cat commands that are frequently used in Linux for performing operations. An individual should start their work with these commands, build several sample files, and try out the Cat commands to get a better hands-on experience:

1. Create a New File

Cat command makes the process of creating new files and adding content in it a lot simpler. An individual just has to create two sample files, test1.txt and test2.txt, to use as test files for further instructions.

1. Create the first file in a terminal window:

cat >test1.txt

2. Your cursor will move to a new line, where you can type whatever you like. Make a simple sentence like this:

Here’s my text file #1

3. Press the Ctrl key along with ‘d’ to leave the prompt and save the changes to the file.

For making test2.txt, repeat the cycle. Execute the command below. Right when you’ve finished, press Ctrl+d.

cat >test2.txt

Here’s my text file #2

2. Show the Contents of the Single File

Execute the following command to see the contents of test1.txt using the Cat command:

cat test1.txt

3. Displaying the Content of Multiple Files

Execute the following command to see the contents of both the files:

cat test1.txt test2.txt

4. Redirecting Contents of a Single File

Cat command can save the contents of a file rather than displaying them on the screen.

cat test1.txt > test3.txt

The destination filename needs to be created if it does not already exist. You should see the contents of test1.txt in test3.txt if you run cat on it (redirection):

cat test3.txt

If you’re exporting a file that already exists, the contents of the file will be overwritten:

cat test2.txt > test3.txt

cat test3.txt

5. Redirecting Contents of Multiple Files

You can combine the contents of many files into a single file by using the following command:

cat test1.txt test2.txt > test3.txt

For example, use the following command to display the contents of test3.txt:

cat test3.txt

6. Reversing the order of the contents

The Cat command can reverse the order of a file’s contents (based on lines). To accomplish this, use the tac (reverse of cat) command instead of cat:

tac test3.txt

7. Add the contents of one file to another

The Cat command can be used to append a file’s contents to the end of another file. Use a double “>>” symbol instead of a single “>”:

cat test1.txt >> test3.txt

Run the following command to open the test3 file:

cat test3.txt

8. Text to an Existing File

For appending text to an existing file, use the following command:

cat >> test1.txt

Include the following line within the file:

This is the second line in test file #1.

Hold down Ctrl and press D. Examine the contents of the file test1.txt:

cat test1.txt

9. Combining Operations

The Cat command’s functionality can be mixed. To merge the content of two files and saving the output in new files, run the following code for instance:

cat test1.txt test2.txt > test4.txt

cat test4.txt

You can also attach numerous files to the end of the newly created file:

cat test2.txt test1.txt >> test4.txt

cat test4.txt

It’s worth noting that the sequence in which the files are added to the selected destination file.

10. Managing Large Files

If you’re executing cat on a larger file, you’ll get a long string of data that’s difficult to understand. Therefore, you can use | more: to divide it into several pages. For example:

cat test4.txt | more

At first, you’ll see a single page of the document. It will scroll to the next page when you touch a key. Use | less if you want to be able to scroll forward and backward through the display. For example:

cat test4.txt | less

11. Displaying line numberings

Line numbers make the output extremely handy, especially if you have a huge file. Add the -n option to the Cat command for enabling line numbering:

cat –n test1.txt

Use the -s option to omit repeated empty output lines and suppress repeated empty lines:

cat -s file.txt

12. Showing the Line’s End

With $, you will be able to use the Cat command for highlighting the end of each line and the spaces between them. Execute the below-mentioned command:

cat -e test1.txt

The result shows one $ at the end of the sample file test1.txt because it only has one line.

13. Displaying Tab Separated Lines

The Cat command can show the contents of a file as well as the tab space between the texts. For example, run, display tab-separated lines as follows:

cat -t test4.txt

14. Listing All of The Cat commands

For listing down all the Cat commands on your screen, execute the command mentioned below:

cat ––help

Concatenating Files

When using the Cat command with two or more file names as inputs, the content of the files will get concatenated. cat scans all the files in the order specified in its parameters and shows the contents of those files in the same order.

The following command, for example, will read the contents of files 1.txt and 2.txt and display the result in the terminal:

cat file1.txt file2.txt

An individual is allowed to write a file by concatenating two or more text files. Using the (>) operator, the contents of file1.txt and file2.txt will be concatenated and written to a new file combinedfile.txt:

cat file1.txt file2.txt > combinedfile.txt

If the combinedfile.txt file doesn’t exist, the command will create it. Otherwise, it will overwrite the file. To concatenate the contents of file1.txt and file2.txt and append the result to file3.txt to use the (>>) operator:

cat file1.txt file2.txt >> file3.txt

If the file is not present, it will be created. When concatenating files with Cat, you can use the same arguments as shown in the previous section.

Conclusion

In Linux, the Cat command is one of the most commonly used commands. It is utilized for creating single or multiple files, reading their contents, concatenating files, and redirecting output to the terminals or files.

It’s a common Linux tool for concatenating and displaying files. We hope this blog helped you understand all the important Cat commands to perform various actions related to files.

11May

What is Linux Used For? How Does Linux Work?

May 11, 2022 admin

Linux is an open-source operating system that can manage the software and hardware resources of a computer on its own. The computer’s hardware includes CPU, storage, and memory, but Linux bridges the gap between these hardware components and the software. When it comes to physical systems, however, all operating systems work the same way. So what makes Linux different from the others? How does it work?

How is Linux Different from Others?

Because Linux comes with a GUI or graphical user interface, it is similar to other operating systems such as Windows, Mac, iOS, etc. You can use the same software on Linux as on all those other operating systems. This includes video editors, photo editors, text readers, etc. But Linux differs from other OSs in many ways as well, and the first difference is its open-source nature. The code used in Linux is free and open in nature, meaning that other Linux users with coding knowledge can view or edit the source code.

Thus, Linux is fully customizable to suit the needs of different users. Windows and Mac OS distributions cannot be made, but Linux has many distributions like Ubuntu. Linux users can customize the code and create their preferred distro to make it a different type of desktop interface. The open-source nature of Linux is pretty much the reason people use it.

Who Uses Linux?

Linux is not only related to computers but web pages as well because many companies use Linux servers to create web pages. Organizations choose Linux servers because Linux is secure and flexible, and it also has a large community that provides excellent support to the users. Businesses like Red Hat, SUSE, Canonical, etc., use Linux for different purposes.

What are the Use Cases of the Linux Operating System?

You can install devices on various devices, including the following ones.

Smart Devices

There are so many smart devices, and everyone has used at least one in their lifetime. Smart devices include smartphones, tablets, etc. that are essentials to keep a smooth communication between our friends and family. Linux distros are flexible and secure and help your devices to install various software packages so that you can use the benefits of technology right at your fingertips.

Gaming Devices

Gaming is a non-stop, unlimited industry. Numerous video games are available in the market already, and there are more on the way. Therefore, along with the market, the demand for gamers has also changed. Gamers require improved and more advanced devices to continue their gaming entertainment. Linux is one of the highest-ranked operating systems that provide great gaming performance on gaming devices.

Web Servers and Mainframes

Linux is also commonly used on mainframes and web servers. Servers are quite complicated, especially for people with no knowledge regarding web servers and Linux distributions. However, Linux makes building web servers less complicated and time-consuming. A maximum level of security ensures that malicious people or bots won’t get into the server and destroy the privacy and confidentiality of an organization’s data.

Telecommunication

It is very easy to customize Linux, and most of the hardware components required by a network are installed with Linux, which improves telecommunication between the client and traffic. Firewalls protect your network’s information from third parties or unauthorized users, for example. Nevertheless, communication between two devices or between a user and a device will still be safe on the network.

Security

Devices that are equipped with Linux operating systems often come with digital security measures such as forensics, screening identification, guarantee security, ethical hacking, and more privacy features. All of these combined make Linux computers a better place and safe system for users. If someone tries to get into your Linux server, you will receive real-time notification of the threat so that you get the chance to eliminate it by yourself.

The use scenarios or Linux distributions are not new. In fact, it is one of the first open-source operating systems that came into the world for use on devices. And over the decades, it has developed into the most efficient OS.

What is the History of Linux?

In 1991, a student of the University of Helsinki named Linus Torvalds created Linux and made it a free, open-sourced, and a safe alternative to Minix. Minix is an Unix clone but Linux is somewhat different from it. First, Linux was called Freax but he changed the name to “Linux” with a mixture of his first name and the word “Unix” to make it more remarkable.

What is the Difference Between Linux and Unix?

Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others at Bell Labs developed Unix years before Linux. In addition to their names, Unix and Linux have some similarities as well. Linux and Unix use the same programming tools, file system layouts, and other features, but not all Unix distributions are free or open-source. There are many operating systems like Unix, however, Linux has had the most success.

Initially, it was a Unix-like operating system, but after years, it was adapted to further smart devices like mobile phones and high-tech computers. There is a Linux kernel in every Linux OS, and it helps in managing hardware resources with a set of software packages that make the total OS. GNU tools are also available for managing the kernel’s resources, configuring the performance and settings of the computer, and installing additional software packages if required. The services provided by Linux OS make it an open-source, secure OS. Since Linux is an open-sourced system, their software combinations can be different from one distro to another.

Note:

There is a command line interface on Linux like other operating systems and it allows you to make changes to the computer freely. For example, you can use one command from the command line tools, and your computer or Linux OS will perform the work for you. The command line can perform actions that your graphical user interfaces (GUIs) cannot and it is the easiest way to tell the hardware what to do on your computer. Despite being available in other OSes, command line works with open-sourced software to make it easier for a user to customize a computer.

Conclusion

With Linux, you can perform all the tasks we’ve discussed here since the distribution comes with many parts that work. Kernel, for example, is the component of the Linux operating system that manages the resources and allows your OS to communicate with the hardware. Additionally, the system user space is crucial for installing software, configuring settings, using command line or PowerShell, and more. Furthermore, Linux applications enable you to maximize your computer’s potential. You can use the pre-downloaded apps on Linux or download more for use.

That’s pretty much how you use Linux and how it works. If you need more information, simply ask us in the comment box below or find out our other articles.